Cogeneration
Cogeneration is the production of heat and energy at the same time.
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Treating wastewater
Cronulla is one of about 30 water resource recovery facilities in Greater Sydney. Here, we treat wastewater to a tertiary standard. We use some of the treated water for on-site reuse and return the rest to the environment.
Facts and figures
Location: Captain Cook Drive, Kurnell
Population served: 250,000 people
Area served: 145 square kilometres – including the suburbs of Cronulla, Sutherland, Helensburgh, Menai, Bundeena and Maianbar
Wastewater treated: 53 million litres each day
Treatment level: Tertiary
Recycled water applications: We reuse some water on-site for industrial purposes like washing down equipment and filter backwashes.
Environmental discharge: We release the treated wastewater to the ocean at Potter Point, Kurnell.
Biosolids produced: 19,000 tonnes each year.
Operating licence and regulation: We operate the facility under 2 sets of rules:
- Environmental protection licence issued by NSW Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) – find out more about our EPA licences and limits.
- Biosolids the facility produces must meet the EPA's Environmental Guidelines: Use and disposal of biosolids products.
Flow chart
Primary treatment
Primary wastewater treatment removes large solids using physical separation processes. Most of the solids removed can be treated for beneficial reuse.
Screening
Screens trap and remove large solids as wastewater flows through.
Grit removal
We inject air into a tank, causing the water to spiral. The air flings grit such as sand and coffee grounds to the edges. It collects in the bottom of the tank where a scraper removes it.
Large solids like wipes, food scraps, rubbish, cotton buds and plastic are caught on the screens.
Sedimentation
Sedimentation tanks enable solids to settle to the bottom of the tank while oil and grease float to the top. Scrapers at both the bottom and the top of the tanks remove the solids, oil and grease, which are then treated to produce biosolids.
At Cronulla, we’ve covered the top of the sedimentation tanks with a canvas material to control odour.
We use sedimentation tanks to remove floating scum and settled solids. We’ve covered the tanks to help control odour.
Secondary treatment
Secondary treatment removes nutrients such as phosphorous and nitrogen using physical and biological processes. Learn more about Removing nutrients in wastewater (195 KB).
Bioreactor
We add a high concentration of microorganisms (activated sludge) to the wastewater. By varying the amount of air in different parts of the tank, we ensure different types of microorganisms can break down nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous.
Microorganisms break down nutrients in the bioreactor.
Secondary clarifier
The activated sludge settles to the bottom of the clarifier where scrapers remove it. We recycle some of this sludge back into the bioreactor and treat the rest to produce biosolids.
The treated water from the top of the tank flows to tertiary treatment.
We use clarifiers to separate the activated sludge from the treated wastewater.
Tertiary treatment
Tertiary treatment uses physical processes to remove very fine solids and disinfect the treated wastewater.
Filtration
Filters made of layers of sand and coal trap remove any remaining floc and fine solids.
Disinfection
We use ultraviolet light to kill any remaining microorganisms that can make people sick. We pass the water through a set of submerged ultraviolet lamps that destroy microorganisms by damaging their DNA.
We use layers of sand and coal to filter the treated wastewater.
Releasing the water
At our facilities, we use recycled water instead of drinking water wherever we can. Hoses, sprays and filter backwashes all use recycled water.
We release the remaining treated wastewater into the ocean at Potter Point, Kurnell.
Renewable energy generation
We're constantly looking for ways to reduce our carbon footprint and use alternative and renewable energy sources.
Cogeneration
At Cronulla, we use cogeneration to produce up to 60% of the facility's total energy needs.
We capture methane gas (biogas) from the anaerobic digesters and use it to power a combustion engine that drives an electricity generator.
Co-digestion
We're trialling co-digestion at Cronulla.
We collect pulped fruit and vegetable waste from local businesses to add to the digesters, which creates more biogas. We can then use the biogas to make extra renewable energy in the cogeneration engine.
Learn more about energy management and climate change.
We use cogeneration to produce renewable energy that we can use on-site.
Operations and maintenance
Running the facility
Several staff manage, operate and maintain the facility. They collect and analyse water samples, do laboratory testing, and manage special projects to keep it running safely and efficiently.
Maintaining the facility
Three types of maintenance are required to keep the facility operating: preventative, planned and reactive.
See the table below for examples.
Staff working at the facility monitor its performance.
Maintenance type |
Description |
Example |
|---|---|---|
Maintenance type :Preventative |
Description :Prevents a breakdown |
Example :Oiling a motor |
Maintenance type :Planned |
Description :Replacing equipment as it reaches the end of its useful life, before a breakdown |
Example :Replacing a worn motor |
Maintenance type :Reactive |
Description :Fixing equipment that has unexpectedly broken down |
Example :Repairing a motor |